Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as "perennial pollutants," pose a major environmental and health challenge. Since their emergence in the 1950s, these compounds have become ubiquitous in everyday consumer products due to their unique properties such as heat resistance, impermeability, and non-stick nature. Among PFAS, PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid) is one of the most prominent and regulated compounds due to its environmental impact and potential toxicity.
In the food industry , where the safety of food contact materials is crucial, PFOS detection has become a priority to ensure compliance with standards. This first part explores these substances and their characteristics in detail.
1. Understanding PFAS and PFOS
What are PFAS?
PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, form a family of over 9,000 synthetic compounds. These substances are distinguished by the presence of extremely stable carbon-fluorine bonds, making their degradation in the environment virtually impossible. This chemical stability is the origin of their nickname, "forever pollutants."
Their use extends to numerous industrial and domestic fields:
- Non-stick coatings for cookware.
- Waterproof and stain-resistant textiles.
- Fire extinguishing foams.
- Food packaging, especially for fatty or oily products.
These properties, while advantageous, pose a major environmental problem, as PFAS accumulate in ecosystems and living organisms.
PFOS: the emblematic case
PFOS, or perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, is one of the most studied and regulated PFAS. Its unique chemical structure includes a carbon chain saturated with fluorine and a sulfonic acid group, giving the compound surfactant properties. These characteristics have led to its use in a variety of products such as:
- Water and stain resistant textiles.
- Fire extinguishing foams.
- Industrial non-stick coatings.
However, the persistence of PFOS in the environment and its toxic effects on aquatic and human organisms led to its inclusion in the list of priority hazardous substances of the Water Framework Directive in Europe, as well as in the Stockholm Convention in 2009.
Why PFAS are nicknamed "forever pollutants"
PFAS are characterized by their extreme chemical durability. Their carbon-fluorine bonds, among the strongest in organic chemistry, give them exceptional resistance to chemical, thermal, or biological degradation. Once released into the environment, these compounds:
- They disperse rapidly in soils, waters and air.
- They accumulate in living organisms throughout the food chain.
Studies have demonstrated the presence of PFAS in ecosystems far removed from any human activity, such as the Arctic. This global spread testifies to the severity of their environmental impact.
2. Industrial and domestic applications of PFAS
Due to their unique properties, PFAS have found applications in numerous industrial sectors and consumer products. This section explores their main areas of use and the reasons why these compounds are so popular.
The textile and clothing industry
PFAS are widely used to give textiles hydrophobic and oleophobic properties. These characteristics allow for the production of water-, stain-, and oil-resistant fabrics, widely used in:
- Sportswear.
- Military and professional uniforms.
- Furnishing products such as sofas and curtains.
Famous brands have incorporated these technologies into their products to meet the demands of modern consumers in terms of durability and practicality.
The chemical industry and firefighting foams
Firefighting foams containing PFAS are used in high-risk environments, such as airports and industrial facilities. Thanks to the surfactant properties of PFAS, these foams form a barrier that isolates combustible materials from the air, thus preventing the spread of flames.
Food packaging
PFAS play a crucial role in the production of food packaging, particularly for fatty or oily products. Their use ensures an effective barrier against leaks and contamination. Products concerned include:
- Pizza boxes.
- Waxed papers for pastries.
- Fast food packaging.
Consumer products containing PFAS
Non-stick cookware
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coatings, a type of PFAS, are used to produce non-stick pans and pots. These products make cooking and cleaning easier, while also improving the durability of the cookware.
Cosmetic products
Some cosmetics, such as foundations and mascaras, contain PFAS to improve their water resistance and texture. These substances also help prolong the wear of the products on the skin or eyelashes.
The perceived benefits of PFAS in these applications
PFAS are favored because of their ability to:
- Withstand extreme conditions (heat, humidity).
- To deliver sustainable performance.
- Reduce production costs thanks to their versatility.
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3. Environmental and health impacts of PFAS
PFAS are nicknamed "forever pollutants" because of their resistance to degradation in the environment and their ability to accumulate in living organisms. This section explores their effects on the ecosystem and human health, highlighting the dangers associated with these compounds.
Effects of PFAS on the environment
Persistence and bioaccumulation
PFAS are highly persistent substances that do not naturally break down in ecosystems. Their chemical stability allows them to:
- Dispersion in water, air, soils and sediments.
- Bioaccumulation in food chains.
They have been detected in remote regions, such as the Arctic, confirming their ability to travel long distances..
Contamination of water resources
PFAS pollute surface water, groundwater, and drinking water. Regulatory thresholds imposed by the European Drinking Water Directive set strict limits:
- 0.50 µg/L for total PFAS.
- 0.10 µg/L for the sum of the 20 PFAS of concern.
These substances also contaminate wastewater treatment plants, making their disposal costly and complex.
Impact on biodiversity
Studies show that PFAS affect wildlife and plants:
- Fish exposed to PFAS exhibit hormonal disruptions and developmental alterations.
- Soils contaminated by these substances harm plant growth.
Risks of PFAS to human health
Exposure to PFAS
Humans can be exposed to PFAS through several routes:
- Food consumption : Foods packaged in materials containing PFAS.
- Drinking water : Contaminated distribution networks.
- Everyday consumer goods : Kitchen utensils, textiles and cosmetics.
Health effects
Scientific studies have established links between PFAS and several health problems, such as:
- Effects on the immune system : Alteration of immune responses, increasing vulnerability to infections.
- Endocrine disruption : Impact on thyroid hormones.
- Cancers : Association with kidney and testicular cancers.
- Metabolic dysfunction : Increased cholesterol levels and effects on the liver.
- Reproductive problems : Reduced fertility and complications during pregnancy.
Regulations and initiatives to limit the impacts
In response to the environmental and health risks of PFAS, regulatory measures have been put in place:
- Stockholm Convention : Restriction of PFOS since 2009 and of PFOA since 2020.
- European directives : Strict limitation of PFAS in drinking water and food packaging.
- National laws : In France, a ban on certain products containing PFAS will begin in 2026.
These initiatives aim to reduce the impacts of PFAS on the environment and health, while encouraging industries to develop sustainable alternatives.
4. Detection and analysis of PFAS in the laboratory
To address environmental and health concerns, the detection and analysis of PFAS in various environments has become essential. Laboratories use advanced techniques to identify and quantify these compounds in water, soil, food, and industrial products.
PFAS analysis techniques
Title H3 Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC- MS/MS ) is the reference method for analyzing PFAS. This technique allows for:
- To efficiently separate the molecules present in the sample.
- Accurately identify and quantify PFAS, even at very low concentrations (nanograms per liter).
- To meet the requirements of European and international regulations.
Combustion coupled with ion chromatography
This method is used to determine the AOF (adsorbable organic fluorine) index. By destroying fluorine-containing organic molecules through combustion, the residues are then analyzed to detect the presence of PFAS in complex matrices such as:
- Wastewater.
- Sediments and mud.
- Materials in contact with food.
Solid phase extraction (SPE)
Solid-phase extraction is a crucial preliminary step for concentrating PFAS present in aqueous matrices. This preparation improves the sensitivity of the analyses by reducing interference from non-target compounds.
Environments analyzed in the laboratory
Analysis of PFAS in water
PFAS are frequently detected in surface water, groundwater, and drinking water. Standards impose strict limits to guarantee water quality:
- 0.50 µg/L for total PFAS in drinking water.
- 0.65 ng/L for PFOS in surface waters, according to the European directive.
Analysis of PFAS in soils and sediments
Soils and sediments are important reservoirs of PFAS due to their persistence. The tests aim to assess environmental contamination and monitor long-term impacts.
Analysis of PFAS in food
PFAS present in food packaging or agricultural products contaminated by polluted water can migrate into food. Specialized laboratories perform tests to detect:
- The concentration of PFAS in fatty or oily products.
- Potential migration from packaging.
Regulatory compliance and certification
ISO standards and COFRAC accreditations
Accredited laboratories adhere to ISO 17025 to guarantee the reliability and accuracy of results. In France, PFAS analyses are frequently entrusted to COFRAC-certified laboratories, as stipulated by national regulations.
European directives
Laboratories must comply with the requirements of European directives, in particular those concerning:
- The quality of water intended for human consumption (Directive 2020/2184).
- Industrial discharges and wastewater (RSDE-STEU).
- Food products and materials in contact with food.
Innovations in PFAS analysis
New techniques for detecting and treating PFAS include:
- TOP Assay (Total Oxidizable Precursors), a method for estimating the PFAS precursors present in a sample.
- Alternative methods with low environmental impact , such as biosorbents and advanced filtration.
Laboratory testing for PFAS plays a vital role in protecting public health and the environment while meeting increasing regulatory requirements.
5. Regulation and management of PFAS
Growing concerns about the persistence and toxicity of PFAS have led to the development of strict national and international regulations. These laws aim to limit public exposure and reduce environmental contamination.
Regulations in France
Gradual bans
In France, a law adopted on May 30, 2024 imposes strict restrictions on the use of PFAS:
- From January 1, 2026 : Prohibition of the manufacture, import and marketing of products containing PFAS in cosmetics, textile products, and ski waxes, except for exceptions.
- From January 1, 2030 : Ban extended to all textiles containing PFAS, except for essential applications or those related to national sovereignty.
Increased controls
French authorities have implemented monitoring campaigns, such as those linked to the RSDE-STEU program, to monitor PFAS discharges into industrial and municipal wastewater. These measures are part of a broader framework aimed at protecting water resources.
European regulations
Specific guidelines
The European Union applies key directives to control PFAS:
- Water Framework Directive (2013) : Classifies PFOS as a priority hazardous substance and sets a strict limit of 0.65 ng/L in surface waters .
- Directive 2020/2184 on water intended for human consumption : Sets a maximum limit of 0.50 µg/L for the total of PFAS and 0.10 µg/L for the sum of 20 specific PFAS .
The Stockholm Convention
The Stockholm Convention , which aims to reduce the use of persistent organic pollutants, incorporated PFOS in 2009 and PFOA in 2020. Other PFAS, such as PFHxS, are currently being evaluated for similar restrictions.
International standards and corporate obligations
International agreements
Globally, environmental agreements emphasize:
- Limiting the use of PFAS in industrial processes.
- The prohibition of their production and unregulated export.
Regulatory compliance for manufacturers
Companies must adapt their practices to:
- Avoid fines related to regulatory non-compliance.
- To preserve their brand image by meeting growing consumer expectations for sustainability.
- Ensure proactive risk management by integrating regular PFAS analyses into their processes.
Impact of regulations on industrial sectors
Food industry
Food packaging must now be analyzed to prevent PFAS migration into food. European standards require extensive testing to ensure consumer safety.
Cosmetics and textiles
Cosmetics containing PFAS will be gradually withdrawn from the market, while the textile industry must develop sustainable alternatives to PFAS-based waterproofing products.
Environment and waste management
Industrial facilities, such as wastewater treatment plants, must incorporate advanced technologies to effectively treat discharges containing PFAS and prevent their accumulation in ecosystems.
Regulations on PFAS are essential to reducing their environmental impact and protecting human health. These restrictions require industries to adopt more responsible practices and collaborate with certified laboratories to ensure compliance.
6. How can I tell if a product contains PFAS?
Detecting the presence of PFAS in consumer products or industrial environments is essential to ensure user safety and compliance with regulatory standards. Here are the methods and steps for identifying the presence of these compounds.
Verification of labels and technical data sheets
Ingredient Analysis
Products containing PFAS may include specific terms in their ingredient list or technical data sheets:
- Common indicators : Words like "fluoro-", "perfluoro-", or acronyms such as PFOS or PFOA .
- High-risk products : Waterproof textiles, non-stick kitchen utensils, grease-resistant food packaging.
Use of Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
Safety data sheets provide detailed information on the substances present, including PFAS when used in industrial formulations or consumer goods.
Laboratory analysis for the detection of PFAS
Scientific detection techniques
For products where the presence of PFAS is suspected but not clearly indicated, laboratory analyses can be carried out:
- Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC- MS/MS ) : Reference method for identifying and quantifying PFAS in complex matrices.
- AOF index (adsorbable organic fluorine) : This overall technique measures the concentration of fluorinated compounds, indicating the presence of PFAS in a product.
Types of products tested
Laboratories regularly analyze the following products to detect PFAS:
- Food packaging : Grease-resistant papers and cardboards.
- Textiles : Waterproof or stain-resistant fabrics.
- Cosmetics : Products containing film-forming or waterproofing agents.
- Industrial products : Firefighting foams and lubricants.
Consumer awareness and tools
Labels and certifications
Some labels certify that products are free of PFAS:
- Environmental labels : Certified free from toxic substances, such as OEKO-TEX® for textiles or Nordic Swan for packaging.
Digital tools
Databases or applications can be used to check if a product contains PFAS:
- Regulatory sites : Official lists of substances of concern.
- Mobile applications : Barcode scanners dedicated to ingredient identification.
Why is identifying PFAS crucial?
Prevention of health risks
Detection helps limit exposure to PFAS, reducing the risks of:
- Endocrine disorders.
- Effects on the liver and kidneys.
Compliance with environmental standards
Identifying PFAS helps to meet regulatory requirements, such as those imposed by European directives on industrial discharges and consumer products.
By combining preventive (label analysis) and reactive (laboratory testing) approaches, it is possible to effectively detect the presence of PFAS and reduce their impact on health and the environment.
