Particle size analysis is an essential step in many industrial sectors. It allows for the measurement of particle size distribution within a material, directly influencing its physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Whether it's to guarantee the bioavailability of medications, control the texture of food products , optimize the flowability of powders in additive manufacturing, or analyze soil composition in environmental settings, this technique plays a central role in quality control and industrial innovation. Various methods exist, from sieving to laser diffraction, including dynamic image analysis and light scattering, each with its own specific characteristics and advantages.
Faced with these challenges, it is essential to rely on specialized laboratories offering precise analyses that comply with current standards. YesWeLab facilitates this process by providing a digital platform that allows manufacturers to quickly access the best particle size analysis techniques, while benefiting from simplified monitoring and recognized expertise.
Table of Contents
Definition and general principle
Particle size analysis is a technique used to study the particle size distribution of a solid or suspended sample. It provides essential information on grain distribution and its influence on the material's physical properties.
This technique is particularly useful for quality control of powdered products, soils, metallic powders, and pharmaceutical formulations. By determining particle size, notably through grain size measurement , it is possible to predict their behavior in terms of mixing, filtration, absorption, and dissolution.
Specialized laboratories perform these analyses according to standardized protocols to ensure the reliability of the results and their comparability across different industries. Among the main standards are ISO 13320 for laser particle size analysis and ASTM B822 for the analysis of metallic powders.
Particle size parameters and units of measurement
Particle size analysis relies on several key parameters to interpret the distribution of particle sizes.
- d10, d50, d90 : These values correspond respectively to the sizes below which 10%, 50% and 90% of the particle population is found by volume or mass.
- Equivalent diameter: This is a representative measurement of the average size of a particle according to a given method. Several definitions exist, such as the Feret diameter or the projected diameter.
- Logarithmic scale: Particle size analysis results are often represented on a logarithmic scale to facilitate the interpretation of distributions.
The units used to express particle size vary depending on the field of application:
- Nanometer (nm): Ultrafine particles and nanopowders.
- Micrometer (µm): Industrial powders, sediments, pigments.
- Millimeter (mm): Aggregates, coarse particles in geotechnics and construction.
A good understanding of these parameters is essential to choosing the analysis method best suited to the requirements of quality control and regulatory standards.
The main techniques for particle size analysis in the laboratory
Sieving: the traditional method
Sieving is the oldest and most commonly used technique for analyzing the particle size distribution of powdered or granular materials. It relies on the use of a series of sieves with calibrated mesh sizes that allow the particles to be sorted into different particle size classes.
Principle of sieving
A sample is placed on the coarsest sieve in a stack of superimposed sieves. Under the effect of vibrations or mechanical movement, the finer particles pass through the mesh, while the larger particles are retained.
The process continues until an equilibrium is reached where the mass of each fraction no longer changes. The weight of material retained on each sieve is then measured to establish a particle size distribution curve .
Advantages and limitations of sieving
- Benefits :
- A simple and inexpensive method.
- Suitable for particles from over 1 µm up to several millimeters.
- Compatible with granular materials and divided solids.
- Limitations :
- Limited resolution: The particle size distribution is based on a limited number of measurement points (usually 8 to 10 particle size classes).
- Long analysis time: The weighing, sieving and cleaning steps take time.
- Possible errors: Sieve wear, overloading, and data transfer errors can distort the results.
Sieving remains a reference method, particularly in civil engineering and sediment analysis, but it is increasingly being replaced by modern techniques offering better resolution and automation of measurements.
Selective laser granulometry (SLS)
Laser particle size analysis (LD) is today one of the most widely used methods in the laboratory for analyzing the particle size distribution of fine particles.
Principle of laser diffraction
This method relies on the diffraction of a laser beam by particles suspended in a fluid or airflow. The angle of light diffraction depends directly on the size of the particles:
- Large particles → Small angle diffraction.
- Small particles → Wide-angle diffraction.
A network of detectors captures these angles and software reconstructs the particle size distribution using a mathematical model based on Mie or Fraunhofer theory.
Advantages and limitations of laser diffraction
- Benefits :
- Speed and automation: An analysis can be performed in less than 60 seconds.
- Wide measurement range: From a few nanometers up to several millimeters.
- Excellent resolution: Allows for the distinction of multimodal distributions.
- Limitations :
- Assumption of spherical particles, which can bias the results if the grains are irregular.
- Less effective at detecting oversized grains, which are often underestimated.
Laser particle size analysis is particularly useful in pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and high-tech materials where high precision is required. To learn more, you can consult our article on laser particle size analysis .
Dynamic Image Analysis (DIA)
Dynamic image analysis (DIA) is an advanced technique that allows not only the size of particles, but also their shape and distribution in real time.
Principle of dynamic image analysis
A sample of particles is moved in front of a high-speed camera equipped with a light source. Thousands of images are captured in seconds and analyzed by software that identifies:
- The width and length of the particles.
- Their sphericity and their convexity.
- The presence of oversized grains.
Advantages and limitations of image analysis
- Benefits :
- Allows the study of particle morphology.
- Detects anomalies and out-of-the-ordinary particles.
- Excellent accuracy for metallic and pharmaceutical powders.
- Limitations :
- High cost of equipment.
- Requires a good understanding of calibration parameters
Dynamic image analysis is now complementary to laser diffraction, allowing for a finer and more reliable characterization of powders and suspensions.
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Industrial and regulatory applications of particle size analysis
Particle size analysis is used in many industrial sectors to ensure product quality and conformity. Particle size directly influences the physical properties of materials, their stability, and their performance. In some areas, adherence to specific particle size standards is essential to ensure consumer safety and product reliability.
Pharmaceutical industry: ensuring the effectiveness of medicines
The pharmaceutical industry places paramount importance on the particle size of powders used in drug manufacturing. Particle size influences several key aspects:
- Bioavailability: The smaller the particles, the larger their specific surface area, thus facilitating their dissolution and absorption by the body.
- Homogeneity of mixtures: A homogeneous particle size distribution ensures a balanced distribution of active ingredients in a drug formulation.
- Formulation stability: Controlled particle size prevents phase separation in suspensions and emulsions.
Strict regulations govern particle size analysis in this sector, notably the European (Ph. Eur.) and American (USP) pharmacopoeias. The most commonly used techniques are laser diffraction and dynamic image analysis, which allow for the precise characterization of pharmaceutical powders and the optimization of manufacturing processes.
Food and cosmetics sector: texture and stability control
In the food and cosmetics industries, particle size directly influences the texture, solubility and appearance of products.
- Food products: Particle size distribution is essential for controlling flours, milk powders, sugars, and spices. Controlled particle size distribution ensures better rehydration, a homogeneous texture, and increased stability of the finished products.
- Cosmetic products: The size of the particles in creams, powders, and lotions determines their feel, coverage, and ease of application. Micronized powders are particularly sought after for their fineness and ability to blend seamlessly into the skin.
analysis in cosmetic formulations plays a key role in controlling product texture and stability.
European regulations require rigorous particle size analyses, particularly for nanoparticles used in certain cosmetic products, to ensure their safety for human health.
YesWeLab supports this sector with particle size analyses in the agri-food industry that meet the requirements of safety, texture and stability.
Materials and additive manufacturing: impact on mechanical properties
In the field of materials and 3D printing, particle size determines the performance of metal and polymer powders.
- Additive manufacturing (3D printing): Homogeneous particle size is essential to ensure good powder flow and avoid manufacturing defects. Powders that are too fine can clump, while powders that are too coarse compromise print accuracy.
- Construction materials: Particle size analysis of cements and concretes is crucial for their mechanical strength and durability. The distribution of particles influences the porosity and adhesion capacity of the materials.
Particle size analysis is also used to control the quality of paints, inks and polymers, where particle size impacts the opacity, dispersion and stability of formulations.
Environmental studies and soil analyses: impact on the ecosystem
Particle size analysis of soils and sediments is essential to understand their hydrological behavior, their capacity to retain pollutants, and their sensitivity to erosion.
- Hydrology and filtration: Particle size influences soil permeability and its capacity to store or filter water. Soils with fine particles (silts and clays) retain water better than sandy soils.
- Erosion and sediment transport: Inappropriate grain size can accelerate erosion and sediment transport, altering the ecological balance of rivers and coastlines.
- Soil pollution: Particle size plays a role in the retention and migration of contaminants in the environment. Fine particles promote the adsorption of heavy metals and pesticides, influencing their bioavailability and ecological impact.
Specialized laboratories carry out analyses according to environmental standards , particularly in the context of waste management and ecological impact studies.
Comparison of methods and selection based on analytical needs
Particle size analysis relies on several techniques, each with its own advantages and limitations. The choice of method depends on the characteristics of the samples to be analyzed, regulatory requirements, and the specific needs of industry. Comparing the different approaches allows for a better understanding of their performance and how they complement each other.
Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the main methods
Laboratories have a wide range of techniques at their disposal to characterize the particle size distribution of materials. Each method is adapted to a specific type of particle and provides usable results depending on the analytical constraints.
| Method | Measurement range | Principle | Benefits | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sieving | 1 µm – 3 mm | Mechanical separation using calibrated sieves | A simple, inexpensive method, suitable for split solids. | Limited resolution, long analysis time, possible errors related to sieve wear |
| Selective laser granulometry (SLS) | 0.1 µm – 3 mm | Diffraction of laser light on particles | Fast, wide measuring range, automatable | Assumption of spherical particles, low sensitivity to oversized grains |
| Dynamic Image Analysis (DIA) | 1 µm – several mm | Acquisition and processing of images of suspended particles | Measurement of size and morphology, detection of anomalies | High cost, need for rigorous sampling |
| Sedimentation and centrifugation | 0.5 µm – 50 µm | Settling velocity of suspended particles (Stokes' law) | Suitable for soil and sediment analysis, good cost/accuracy ratio. | Long analysis time, need for sample pretreatment |
| Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) | 1 nm – 10 µm | Detection of Brownian motion of suspended particles | Excellent precision for nanoparticles, possibility of studying the zeta potential | Reduced sensitivity beyond 1 µm; requires a homogeneous and well-dispersed medium |
Laboratories must therefore choose the most appropriate method based on analytical objectives and sample properties.
To gain a deeper understanding, consult our article on the interpretation of particle size distribution curves , essential for fully exploiting analytical results.
Selection criteria for a particle size analysis method
The choice of technique is based on several key criteria:
- Nature of particles: Metallic powders require precise methods such as laser diffraction or dynamic image analysis, while soils and sediments can be analyzed by sieving or sedimentation.
- Particle size range: Some techniques are more suited to fine particles (DLS for nanoparticles), while others are preferred for aggregates (sieving).
- Speed and automation: Laser diffraction and image analysis allow for rapid and automated sample processing, whereas sieving and sedimentation require more manual handling.
- Sensitivity to environmental parameters: The analysis of suspended powders can be influenced by the nature of the solvent or the viscosity of the fluid, which impacts the scattering of light or the sedimentation rate.
- Standards and regulations: Some sectors impose specific techniques to meet the requirements of pharmacopoeias, ISO or ASTM standards.
A laboratory may need to combine several methods to guarantee reliable and complete results.
Complementarity of analytical techniques and strategies
In many cases, a single method is insufficient to obtain a complete particle size characterization. Combining several techniques helps overcome certain limitations and improve the accuracy of the results.
- DIA + laser diffraction: This combination is ideal for industrial powders, as it allows for a detailed analysis of particle morphology while ensuring a fast and reproducible measurement of their size.
- Sieving + sedimentation: Suitable for soils and granular materials, this approach allows for the analysis of a wide range of sizes while respecting geotechnical and environmental classifications.
- DLS + laser diffraction: Used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, this combination ensures precise measurement of nanoparticles while offering a global view of the particle size distribution of samples.
YesWeLab: an innovative solution for your particle size analyses
Particle size analysis is a key element of quality control and the optimization of industrial processes. Choosing the right laboratory to perform these analyses is essential to guarantee reliable results that comply with standards and are usable in an industrial setting. YesWeLab offers a complete, digital solution to meet companies' particle size analysis needs, while providing simplified and optimized management of their analytical requests.
A centralized platform for all your particle size analyses
YesWeLab enables manufacturers to centralize their laboratory analysis needs through an intuitive digital platform. Thanks to its network of specialized partner laboratories, YesWeLab offers simplified access to a wide range of particle size analysis techniques, including:
- Sieving for granular materials and soils.
- Selective laser diffraction (SLS) for fine and ultrafine powders.
- Dynamic image analysis (DIA) for the characterization of complex particles.
- Sedimentation and centrifugation for suspensions and sediments.
- Dynamic light scattering (DLS) for nanoparticles and liquid formulations.
Manufacturers can thus select the method best suited to their needs , while benefiting from simplified monitoring and recognized expertise.
Expertise tailored to regulatory requirements
YesWeLab collaborates with ISO 17025 accredited laboratories, guaranteeing analyses that meet the strictest regulatory requirements. Thanks to this approach, the results obtained can be directly used to:
- Compliance with pharmaceutical and agri-food standards (USP, Ph. Eur., ISO 13320, ASTM B822).
- Optimization of industrial processes and validation of formulations.
- Environmental analysis and compliance with applicable regulations.
YesWeLab's expertise also enables us to support manufacturers in interpreting results and choosing the best analytical strategies.
Time savings and optimized analysis management
By using YesWeLab, you benefit from simplified analysis management thanks to a digital and centralized approach:
- Order online in just a few clicks.
- Sample tracking and quick access to results via an intuitive platform.
- Access to a network of specialized laboratories, saving manufacturers the trouble of searching for a provider suited to each analytical need.
Thanks to this flexibility, companies save time, optimize their costs and guarantee the quality of their products by relying on high-precision particle size analyses.
A strategic partner for industrial innovation
By offering customized solutions tailored to different industrial sectors, YesWeLab positions itself as a true partner for companies seeking to innovate and improve product performance. Whether for developing new pharmaceutical formulations, optimizing powders in additive manufacturing, or testing soils and materials, YesWeLab provides analytical solutions adapted to industrial challenges.
Thanks to its digital approach, its network of specialized laboratories and its technical expertise, YesWeLab simplifies access to particle size analysis and enables manufacturers to make informed and strategic decisions regarding quality control and R&D.
